1. If a number is divisible by two, then it is even. The number 24 is divisible by two. Therefore, it is even. **Deductive**
2. Biodiversity loss has preceded ecological collapse in every known historical case. Therefore, current biodiversity loss may also lead to collapse. **Inductive**
3. Every major epidemic in the past century was followed by an economic recovery. Therefore, it is likely that the same will happen after COVID-19. **Inductive**
4. If there is no regulation, markets tend toward monopoly. Currently, there is no regulation. Therefore, the market will monopolise. **Deductive**
5. Quantum measurements are often indeterministic. Hence, particle behaviour is likely not fully deterministic. **Inductive**
6. Anyone who always tells the truth is honest. Anna always tells the truth. Therefore, Anna is honest. **Deductive**
7. If the theory of relativity is correct, then gravity affects the passage of time. Gravity does affect the passage of time. Therefore, the theory is correct. **Deductive**
8. Every time I sleep fewer than six hours, my memory worsens the next day. So if I sleep little tonight, my memory will likely suffer tomorrow. **Inductive**
9. All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. **Deductive**
10. All logical contradictions are false. The following statement is a contradiction. Therefore, it is false. **Deductive**
11. Every major technological revolution—steam power, electricity, the internet—has transformed labour markets. Therefore, artificial intelligence will likely do the same. **Inductive**
12. All living beings with nervous systems are capable of feeling pain. Fish have nervous systems. Therefore, fish are capable of feeling pain. **Deductive**
13. The greatest ethical breakthroughs in history often emerged during crises—Socrates, Kant, Camus. Thus, new moral frameworks are likely to emerge in times of turmoil. **Inductive**
14. All Nobel Prize-winning economists in the past two decades have published in the American Economic Review. Hence, it is probable that future winners will also publish there. **Inductive**
15. If a system is closed, its entropy increases over time. This system is closed. Therefore, its entropy will increase. **Deductive**
16. Every swan observed so far has been white. Therefore, it is probable that all swans are white. **Inductive**
17. Most studies in social science show a positive correlation between education and political participation. Hence, increasing education is likely to increase political participation. **Inductive**
18. Every day, the neighbour’s dog has barked when I walked past. Therefore, it will probably bark again today. **Inductive**
19. All postmodern authors reject objective truth. Foucault is a postmodern author. Therefore, he rejects objective truth. **Deductive**
20. The past decade has seen a 2.7% annual decline in Arctic ice. Therefore, it is likely that summers will be ice-free within 50 years. **Inductive**
21. If the theory of evolution is accurate, we should observe gradual change in fossil records. Such changes are observed. Therefore, the theory is accurate. **Deductive**
22. Most dogs are afraid of loud noises like thunder. Therefore, this dog is probably afraid of thunder. **Inductive**
23. All moral laws must be universally applicable. This rule cannot be universally applied. Therefore, it is not a moral law. **Deductive**
24. If a theory is logically coherent and empirically confirmed, it is scientifically acceptable. This theory meets both criteria. Therefore, it is acceptable. **Deductive**
25. If the relativist claim that “no truth is universal” were true, it would apply to itself and thus contradict itself. Therefore, relativism is false. **Deductive**